jadilah wanita yang sederhana namun berkelas...
Minggu, 19 Februari 2012
MEMBUKA PELUANG USAHA
Membuka peluang usaha baru, PT. DFI (Duta Future Internasional) telah membuka terobosan baru yaitu RFC Indonesia(Roket Freciken). memberikan kesempatan bagi para infestasi yang ingin berinfestasi dengan syarat memiliki sebidang Lahan, Lokasi Strategis dekat keramaian.alat tenaga trampil dari pihak kami RFC. ingin lebih jelas, segera hub Vivi di tlp: 08567227208, Email : vievie.octav27@gmail.com
Ayo buruan segera ambil kesempatan emas ini bila berminat.....
Trimaksih...
Sabtu, 18 Februari 2012
Kamis, 10 November 2011
Tulisan ke 2
PERAN KOPERASI DALAM
PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA
Pembangunan koperasi mengalami kemajuan yang cukup
mengembirakan jika diukur dengan jumlah koperasi, jumlah anggota, aktiva dan
volume usaha. Pada masa sekarang secara umum koperasi mengalami perkembangan
usaha dan kelembagaan yang mengairahkan. Namun demikian, koperasi masih
memiliki berbagai kendala untuk pengembangannya sebagai badan usaha. Hal ini
perlu memperoleh perhatian dalam pembangunan usaha koperasi pada masa
mendatang. Peran koperasi dalam perekonomian Indonesia paling tidak dapat
dilihat dari:
1.
kedudukannya sebagai pemain utama
dalam kegiatan ekonomi di berbagai sector.
2.
penyedia lapangan kerja yang terbesar.
3.
pemain penting dalam pengembangan
kegiatan ekonomi lokal dan pemberdayaan masyarakat.
4.
pencipta pasar baru dan sumber inovasi.
5.
sumbangannya dalam menjaga neraca
pembayaran melalui kegiatan ekspor. Peran koperasi, usaha mikro, kecil dan
menengah sangat strategis dalam perekonomian nasional, sehingga perlu menjadi
fokus pembangunan ekonomi nasional pada masa mendatang.
Pemberdayaan koperasi secara tersktuktur dan berkelanjutan
diharapkan akan mampu menyelaraskan struktur perekonomian nasional, mempercepat
pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional, mengurangi tingkat pengangguran terbuka,
menurunkan tingkat kemiskinan, mendinamisasi sektor riil, dan memperbaiki
pemerataan pendapatan masyarakat. Pemberdayaan koperasi juga akan meningkatkan
pencapaian sasaran di bidang pendidikan, kesehatan, dan indikator kesejahteraan
masyarakat Indonesia lainnya. Sulit mewujudkan keamanan yang sejati, jika
masyarakat hidup dalam kemiskinan dan tingkat pengangguran yang tinggi. Sulit
mewujudkan demokrasi yang sejati, jika terjadi ketimpangan ekonomi di
masyarakat, serta sulit mewujudkan keadilan hukum jika ketimpangan penguasaan
sumberdaya produktif masih sangat nyata. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa
peran koperasi antara lain :
- Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khusunya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.
- Berperan serta aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.
- Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional.
- Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama atas asas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.
Pada masa ini pembangunan koperasi kurang mendapat perhatian
karena koperasi kurang memperlihatkan kinerja dan citra yang lebih baik
dari masa sebelumnya.Keadaan ini merupakan salah satu bukti bahwa komitmen
pemerintah masih kurang dalam pembangunan koperasi. Pembangunan adalah suatu
proses yang harus berkelanjutan dan tersistem. Pertanyaan berikutnya bagaimana
prospek koperasi pada masa datang.Jawabannya adalah sangat
prospektif jika koperasi yang mempunyai jatidiri . Koperasi yang
mempraktekkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi dalam organisasi dan
usahanya. Koperasi sebagai badan usaha, organisasi dan kegiatan usahanya
harus dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi.Karena prinsip koperasi
merupakan garis-garis penuntun yang digunakan oleh koperasi untuk
melaksanakan nilai-nilai dalam praktek seperti:
1.
keanggotaan sukarela dan terbuka.
2.
pengendalian oleh anggota secara demokratis.
3.
partisipasi ekonomi anggota.
4.
pendidikan,pelatihan dan informasi.
5.
kerjasama diantara koperasi dan.
6.
kepedulian terhadap komunitas.
Jika Koperasi mampu mengimplementasikan jati dirinya,
koperasi akan mandiri, mampu bersaing dengan kekuatan eonomi lainnya ,mampu
memproduksi produk yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pasar di dalam dan luar
negeri. Dilihat dari dasar hukum yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang 1945,
Koperasi memperoleh hak untuk hidup dan perkembangan di Indonesia. Koperasi
yang sudah dibangun selama ini juga jumlahnya sudah cukup besar. Jumlah ini
merupakan aset yang harus dipelihara dan diberdayakan agar dapat berkembang
membantu pemerintah untuk memerangi kemiskinan dan menyediakan lapangan kerja.
Jika sekarang masih banyak koperasi yang tumbuh belum mampu mencapai
tujuan bersama anggotanya,mereka harus diberdayakan melalui pendidikan.
Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memahami jati
diri dan menerapkannya. Disinilah peranan pihak ketiga termasuk pemerintah
untuk dapat membangun mereka mencapai tujuannya baik sebagai
mediator,fasilitator maupun sebagai kordinator.
Dengan demikian pembangunan koperasi perlu diteruskan,
karena pembangunan adalah proses, memerlukan waktu dan ketekunan serta
konsistensi dalam pelaksanaan,berkesinambungan untuk mengatasi semua masalah
yang muncul seperti masalah kemiskinan , jumlah pengangguran. yang
semakin banyak.Perkembangan koperasi secara nasional di masa datang
diperkirakan menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan namun masih lemah secara
kualitas. Untuk itu diperlukan komiten yang kuat untuk membangun koperasi yang
mampu menolong dirinya sendiri sesuai dengan jatidiri koperasi. Hanya koperasi
yang berkembang melalui praktek melaksanakan nilai koperasi yang akan mampu
bertahan dan mampu memberikan manfaat bagi anggotanya. Prospek koperasi pada
masa datang dapat dilihat dari banyaknya jumlah koperasi, jumlah
anggota dan jumlah manajer, jumlah modal,volume usaha dan besarnya SHU
yang telah dihimpun koperasi, sangat prosfektif untuk
dikembangkan. Model pengembangan koperasi pada masa datang yang
ditawarkan adalah mengadobsi koperasi yang berhasil seperti Koperasi Kredit,
Koperasi simpan pinjam dan lainnya dan Model Pengembangan Pemecahan
Masalah sesuai dengan kondisi koperasi seperti penataan kelembagaan
koperasi yang tidak aktif dan koperasi aktif tidak melaksanakan RAT. Untuk
memberdayakan koperasi baik yang sudah berjalan dan tidak aktif perlu
dibangun sistem pendidikan yang terorgniser dan harus dilaksanakan
secara konsesten untuk mengembangkan organisasi, usaha dan mampu bersaing
dengan pelaku usaha lainnya.Inilah salah satu nilai koperasi yang tidak ada
pada organisasi lain yang perlu terus dilaksanakan dan dikembangkan.
Kamis, 29 September 2011
Tulisan 1
Pertanyaan!
1.
Definisi Koperasi ?
2.
Jenis-jenis Koperasi ?
3.
Apa Yang Mendasari Kopersai itu
didirikan ?
Jawab !
1.
Koperasi
adalah asosiasi orang-orang yang bergabung dan melakukan
usaha bersama atas dasar prinsip-prinsip Koperasi, sehingga mendapatkan manfaat
yang lebih besar dengan biaya yang rendah melalui perusahaan yang dimiliki dan
diawasi secara demokratis oleh anggotanya. Koperasi bertujuan untuk menjadikan
kondisi sosial dan ekonomi anggotanya lebih baik dibandingkan sebelum bergabung
dengan Koperasi.
Dari
pengertian di atas dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut:
- Asosiasi
orang-orang. Artinya, Koperasi adalah
organisasi yang terdiri dari orang-orang yang terdiri dari orang-orang
yang merasa senasib dan sepenanggungan, serta memiliki kepentingan ekonomi
dan tujuan yang sama.
- Usaha
bersama. Artinya, Koperasi adalah
badan usaha yang tunduk pada kaidah-kaidah ekonomi yang berlaku, seperti
adanya modal sendiri, menanggung resiko, penyedia agunan, dan lain-lain.
- Manfaat
yang lebih besar. Artinya, Koperasi didirikan
untuk menekan biaya, sehingga keuntungan yang diperoleh anggota menjadi
lebih besar.
- Biaya
yang lebih rendah.
Dalam menetapkan harga, Koperasi menerapkan aturan, harga sesuai dengan
biaya yang sesungguhnya, ditambah komponen lain bila dianggap perlu,
seperti untuk kepentingan investasi.
Menurut UU Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian, pengertian
Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-seorang atau badan hukum
Koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip Koperasi sekaligus
sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan.
Sementara menurut ICA Cooperative Identity Statement, Manchester, 23 September 1995, Koperasi
adalah perkumpulan otonom dari orang-orang yang bersatu secara sukarela untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan dan aspirasi ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya bersama melalui
perusahaan yang mereka miliki bersama dan mereka kendalikan secara demokratis.
2. Jenis-Jenis
Koperasi
1.
Koperasi Konsumsi
Koperasi ini didirikan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
umum sehari-hari para anggotanya. Yang pasti barang kebutuhan yang dijual di
koperasi harus lebih murah dibantingkan di tempat lain, karena koperasi
bertujuan untuk mensejahterakan anggotanya.
2.
Koperasi Jasa
Fungsinya adalah untuk memberikan jasa keuangan
dalam bentuk pinjaman kepada para anggotanya. Tentu bunga yang dipatok harus
lebih renda dari tempat meminjam uang yang lain.
3.
Koperasi Produksi
Bidang usahanya adalah membantu penyediaan bahan
baku, penyediaan peralatan produksi, membantu memproduksi jenis barang tertentu
serta membantu menjual dan memasarkannya hasil produksi tersebut. Sebaiknya
anggotanya terdiri atas unit produksi yang sejenis. Semakin banyak jumlah
penyediaan barang maupun penjualan barang maka semakin kuat daya tawar terhadap
suplier dan pembeli.
Jenis koperasi berdasarkan tingkat dan luas
daerah kerja
1. Koperasi Primer
Koperasi primer ialah koperasi yang yang minimal
memiliki anggota sebanyak 20 orang perseorangan.
2. Koperasi Sekunder
Adalah koperasi yang terdiri dari gabungan
badan-badan koperasi serta memiliki cakupan daerah kerja yang luas dibandingkan
dengan koperasi primer.
Koperasi sekunder dapat dibagi menjadi :
a. koperasi pusat - adalah koperasi yang
beranggotakan paling sedikit 5 koperasi primer
b. gabungan koperasi - adalah koperasi yang anggotanya minimal 3 koperasi pusat
c. induk koperasi - adalah koperasi yang minimum anggotanya adalah 3 gabungan koperasi
b. gabungan koperasi - adalah koperasi yang anggotanya minimal 3 koperasi pusat
c. induk koperasi - adalah koperasi yang minimum anggotanya adalah 3 gabungan koperasi
3.
Awal
sejarah didirikan Koperasi sekitar awal abad ke-19 di daratan eropa. Adapun
alasan-alasan yang mendasari Didirikan koperasi di eropa:
- Semakin tingginya masalah kemiskinan yang sudah tidak
tertangani
- Memburuknya sistem perekonomian kapitalisme, yang
menyebabkan kepincangan dan melemahnya sistem kapitalisme
- Adanya pengaruh sosialisme dari negara lain.
Kamis, 26 Mei 2011
ARTIKEL PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
ARTIKEL PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
May 20 national day of resurrection
In order to commemorate National Awakening Day May 20, it helps us recall the history of our nation, which began with the birth of the first nationalist movement Boedi Oetomo on 20 May 1908, nearly a hundred years ago. This national movement led by Dr. Soetomo in Jakarta. With the encouragement Boedi Oetomo birth to this, then SI was born, in 1912, under the leadership of Haji OS Tjokroaminoto with Haji Agus Salim and Abdul Muis. In 1912 it was born is also one of the most important political movement, namely the Indische Partij dimpimpin by Douwes Dekker (Dr. Setiabudhi), RM Suwardi Suryaningrat and Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo. In 1913, the party was banned by the Dutch colonial government and its leaders were rounded up and then dumped in exile.
In the aftermath of this development, then in 1914 an organization was born in Semarang berfaham left (communists), the Indische Sociaal Democratic Vereeniging (ISDV) under the leadership of Sneevliet and Semaun. In the year 1920 (May 23) ISDV has been changed to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), with the leadership Semaun too. In the struggle against Dutch colonialism, the PKI has sparked rebel in Banten, Jakarta and Yogyakarta in 1926, and later also in West Sumatra in 1927. After the rebellion was suppressed by the Dutch colonial administration, the leadership and thousands of PKI members were arrested, and later into exile in red soil.
Armed with the above history, it's time we as a society Indonesia unite to rebuild a country for several years has continuously given the trials and calamities, and rampant criminal cases from the start made by people who perkenomiannya weak even to the officials constantly stealing state assets Indonesia. Therefore, let's start of National Awakening Day this year with their introspection. Let's fix both moral of each of us and also moral Indonesian society as a whole, so our expectations, with good morals of society, then our beloved country is going to be good also.
Artikel Direct & Indirect
ARTIKEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT
Lovely Friendship
When the soles of my shoes, shoe last, broken in the middle of last year's dry, I could meratapinya. But, when the rainy season like this coming, I knew immediately that such luxuries sometimes do not have to. In the market district, cheapest shoes alone cost 20 thousand!
Shod go back teaching in the rainy season like this only make-make unnecessary hassles. Such futility. Even torture yourself. Of course the story be different if there was a bicycle. Full trap mud embankment that could avoid with a little play down the village street.
But, since I know that a battered old bicycle only cost fifty thousand silver, I stopped thinking about it. Fortunately, the school principal did not require time teachers, teachers aids, like shoes. I too can take my sandals lilies met 47 sixth-grade students assembled in the classroom at the left end of it. Every day. They really piled up in the emergency room that narrow class.
But to me, the classroom door that is slit to happiness. Entered it made me meet a spy who thirst and hope but also haggard hit by poverty. I'm always happy whenever it disappeared shortly swallowed kekuyuan joy finding new things from the class lessons. From day to day.
From 7:15 am until dzuhur o'clock passed and Asar almost pick. Always happy to see the rising sense of the spy was a bit shiny every time I said, "Our country Indonesia, tomorrow will be better citizens if we can maintain our conscience. Sukamanah Likewise, our village. "Sometimes the children merepotkanku with their questions. They pushed for complacency not just graduating from elementary school to junior high school and continued in the city district. Hardi, one of the smartest asked, quoting the words of his father. "Why go to school and leave our farms? Is not high school will only make us hate rice but also did not provide other work, then we make can only go alone troublesome parents as children's village chief?"
So I will answer it. "School is not to find a job, let alone hate rice. We can high school while still loving our home, our fields. Schooling was to make us not so people who do not understand the beauty despite having eyes, do not listen to the good despite having ears, do not defend the truth even has a heart, never moved and was excited."
"Mr. Sobarudin, can go to my office for a minute?" Sound Pak Dudung, principals, abruptly fired from the back of my ear "There is an important invitation from the regency," he said again, before he took out a word."Oh yes ..." I followed him. "This is an invitation to Mr. Sobar. All part time teachers collected a district meet Regents next week. "I immediately opened it. Some words immediately move from paper into my head. Sunday. 15 November. Noon. District Hall. Regent. Realization of Self Improvement Guru Wiyata Bakti. But to me, the classroom door that is slit to happiness .
Shod go back teaching in the rainy season like this only make-make unnecessary hassles. Such futility. Even torture yourself. Of course the story be different if there was a bicycle. Full trap mud embankment that could avoid with a little play down the village street.
But, since I know that a battered old bicycle only cost fifty thousand silver, I stopped thinking about it. Fortunately, the school principal did not require time teachers, teachers aids, like shoes. I too can take my sandals lilies met 47 sixth-grade students assembled in the classroom at the left end of it. Every day. They really piled up in the emergency room that narrow class.
But to me, the classroom door that is slit to happiness. Entered it made me meet a spy who thirst and hope but also haggard hit by poverty. I'm always happy whenever it disappeared shortly swallowed kekuyuan joy finding new things from the class lessons. From day to day.
From 7:15 am until dzuhur o'clock passed and Asar almost pick. Always happy to see the rising sense of the spy was a bit shiny every time I said, "Our country Indonesia, tomorrow will be better citizens if we can maintain our conscience. Sukamanah Likewise, our village. "Sometimes the children merepotkanku with their questions. They pushed for complacency not just graduating from elementary school to junior high school and continued in the city district. Hardi, one of the smartest asked, quoting the words of his father. "Why go to school and leave our farms? Is not high school will only make us hate rice but also did not provide other work, then we make can only go alone troublesome parents as children's village chief?"
So I will answer it. "School is not to find a job, let alone hate rice. We can high school while still loving our home, our fields. Schooling was to make us not so people who do not understand the beauty despite having eyes, do not listen to the good despite having ears, do not defend the truth even has a heart, never moved and was excited."
"Mr. Sobarudin, can go to my office for a minute?" Sound Pak Dudung, principals, abruptly fired from the back of my ear "There is an important invitation from the regency," he said again, before he took out a word."Oh yes ..." I followed him. "This is an invitation to Mr. Sobar. All part time teachers collected a district meet Regents next week. "I immediately opened it. Some words immediately move from paper into my head. Sunday. 15 November. Noon. District Hall. Regent. Realization of Self Improvement Guru Wiyata Bakti. But to me, the classroom door that is slit to happiness .
This Sunday is the same as other Sundays. He felt different just because of this the first Sunday in the rainy season. Kampung we become more busy. Almost all the houses brought the entire contents into the fields, began the ceremony of life that the same thing. Plant. Mengutang fertilizers to the cooperative village. Dreaming of fields harvested when just beginning to work on. Counting the losses that would come because of the cost bersawah always higher than the selling price of rice. Leaving the crop to survive during the dry style measure that has not yet been peer-re about to settle. This afternoon I had to go to district, walking three miles to the southwest. Since early morning, when the sun was still wrapped in fog, must have been a lot of people surrounded the district office, to see the face that he said Mr. Regent young and diligent share that smile. "Kang. Do not forget to stop by the house Bi Mumun. "Anah reminded when half my body've swallowed the door, about to leave.
"Yes. "On his return from the sub I really should stop by the Tempe plant was owned by my uncle's late wife. Met soya bean skin. The envelope was available, Mr. Kakandep certainly will immediately take care of graduation. Anah usual mix it with flour, garlic, salt and some pepper, then created a snack food and sometimes primary side dishes. And we love it. Moreover, if available also our favorite mortar. Cobek lie. His appearance was like a mortar, but they are not really well. He is just gravy only, without jengkol or catfish, or whatever. There is but a long red chillies hanging-juntai invite bites. People in our village were called mortar lie. Such menu is a great luxury in our house, especially in times of emergency. But our life is always an emergency. After the SPG, five years ago, there was no work for me. I should be a primary school teacher. But that's. Every year, it was always hampered necessity teacher acceptance test. I never graduated. Not the difficulty of actual exam questions to be my problem, but always wish I was able to provide the envelope, the contents must be in excess of one million dollars, to the Head Office of the Department. If only the envelope is available, Mr. Kakandep certainly will immediately take care of graduation. But, where do I get money? I never saw it.
Fortunately, my energy is still in use in the village. Helping Bi Mumun in tempe factory. Helping harvest Kang Soleh and other close neighbors. Helping butchering cattle ahead of the Feast of Sacrifice. Help shave grass grave near the village every month of fasting. Taking water from old wells that never dry behind the hill to the hamlet head, every time the drought worsen. Paint and repair the fence mosque before Lebaran. Strength is not always rewarded with money. Sometimes rewarded the fit-cropping, rice, or food. But it all seemed very helpful. The only source of income is salary as a teacher tetapku Wiyata devotion aka part time teachers or teacher's aid. The amount of 75 thousand per month. The money was far from enough and always run out to pay off debts shopping our kitchen to stall Ceu Nenden fork in the road in the village.
Fortunately, jodohku is Anah who never demanded. Since I married four years ago, not even complain about our situation Anah. In the midst of affliction that continues to stalk us, Anah always served me well. Day and night. Anah was the one who actually taught me to always be grateful for whatever we get. Teaching remains grateful to this day even though we do not also obtain a baby. We never charge the Lord with all kinds of demands. Just enough is we know that God never sleeps. Meeting in the auditorium district today is actually not the first. Two years ago, all part time teachers has also been collected. In the same hall. Only, this time not as fortunate as we are now. First, that which came not but Kakandep Regents of the district.
After the meeting, feeling syukurku bertambahtambah. A number of part time teachers seem to have been more fortunate than me. They can increase revenue by attracting motorcycle taxi in the market district. There is also an open shop or newsstand, religious comics and tekateki cross. But far more who fared worse. Mr. Kosin from villages in the north end is only paid 25 thousand per month. Eti's mother, a teacher in my village neighbors, had no salary at all. He could only wait for the harvest gifts from parents in his class. In fact, crop pests often disturbed. Pak Komarudin, who was only three villages with a separate, paid 25 thousand plus BP3 rupiah from 1,500 students in her class. Pupils there are only 12 people. Poor all. They are more often delinquent than pay it off. At the meeting two years ago she also knew that intelligence Pak Asep Saepudin speech reminded me of Isaac Kiai, mosque preachers district. He was a teacher in the city district. Founder and leader of the Non-Governmental Organizations Child Care Nations (LSMPAB) that he tried to deal with the fate of the teachers aids like us. From Pak Asep also, I know how governments are deficient and in need of our elementary school teachers. Our Province alone, he said, lack of 33 768 primary school teachers. A total of 17,877 of whom are classroom teachers. So, again according to Mr. Asep, if the teachers' honorarium stops throughout West Java, the class will be nearly 18 thousand displaced.
"Yes. "On his return from the sub I really should stop by the Tempe plant was owned by my uncle's late wife. Met soya bean skin. The envelope was available, Mr. Kakandep certainly will immediately take care of graduation. Anah usual mix it with flour, garlic, salt and some pepper, then created a snack food and sometimes primary side dishes. And we love it. Moreover, if available also our favorite mortar. Cobek lie. His appearance was like a mortar, but they are not really well. He is just gravy only, without jengkol or catfish, or whatever. There is but a long red chillies hanging-juntai invite bites. People in our village were called mortar lie. Such menu is a great luxury in our house, especially in times of emergency. But our life is always an emergency. After the SPG, five years ago, there was no work for me. I should be a primary school teacher. But that's. Every year, it was always hampered necessity teacher acceptance test. I never graduated. Not the difficulty of actual exam questions to be my problem, but always wish I was able to provide the envelope, the contents must be in excess of one million dollars, to the Head Office of the Department. If only the envelope is available, Mr. Kakandep certainly will immediately take care of graduation. But, where do I get money? I never saw it.
Fortunately, my energy is still in use in the village. Helping Bi Mumun in tempe factory. Helping harvest Kang Soleh and other close neighbors. Helping butchering cattle ahead of the Feast of Sacrifice. Help shave grass grave near the village every month of fasting. Taking water from old wells that never dry behind the hill to the hamlet head, every time the drought worsen. Paint and repair the fence mosque before Lebaran. Strength is not always rewarded with money. Sometimes rewarded the fit-cropping, rice, or food. But it all seemed very helpful. The only source of income is salary as a teacher tetapku Wiyata devotion aka part time teachers or teacher's aid. The amount of 75 thousand per month. The money was far from enough and always run out to pay off debts shopping our kitchen to stall Ceu Nenden fork in the road in the village.
Fortunately, jodohku is Anah who never demanded. Since I married four years ago, not even complain about our situation Anah. In the midst of affliction that continues to stalk us, Anah always served me well. Day and night. Anah was the one who actually taught me to always be grateful for whatever we get. Teaching remains grateful to this day even though we do not also obtain a baby. We never charge the Lord with all kinds of demands. Just enough is we know that God never sleeps. Meeting in the auditorium district today is actually not the first. Two years ago, all part time teachers has also been collected. In the same hall. Only, this time not as fortunate as we are now. First, that which came not but Kakandep Regents of the district.
After the meeting, feeling syukurku bertambahtambah. A number of part time teachers seem to have been more fortunate than me. They can increase revenue by attracting motorcycle taxi in the market district. There is also an open shop or newsstand, religious comics and tekateki cross. But far more who fared worse. Mr. Kosin from villages in the north end is only paid 25 thousand per month. Eti's mother, a teacher in my village neighbors, had no salary at all. He could only wait for the harvest gifts from parents in his class. In fact, crop pests often disturbed. Pak Komarudin, who was only three villages with a separate, paid 25 thousand plus BP3 rupiah from 1,500 students in her class. Pupils there are only 12 people. Poor all. They are more often delinquent than pay it off. At the meeting two years ago she also knew that intelligence Pak Asep Saepudin speech reminded me of Isaac Kiai, mosque preachers district. He was a teacher in the city district. Founder and leader of the Non-Governmental Organizations Child Care Nations (LSMPAB) that he tried to deal with the fate of the teachers aids like us. From Pak Asep also, I know how governments are deficient and in need of our elementary school teachers. Our Province alone, he said, lack of 33 768 primary school teachers. A total of 17,877 of whom are classroom teachers. So, again according to Mr. Asep, if the teachers' honorarium stops throughout West Java, the class will be nearly 18 thousand displaced.
Sabtu, 21 Mei 2011
Theory present perfect
Present Perfect Tense
Formula untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah:
Subject + (has/have) + verb3 + object + modifier |
Contoh:
- Farmers in Jati Bali have grown rice crops since 1970. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali telah menanam padi sejak tahun 1970).
- Some students have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for two months. (Beberapa siswa telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 2 bulan).
- Transpiration has started to increase since three hours ago. (Transpirasi telah mulai meningkat sejak tiga jam yang lalu).
Pada dasarnya, penggunaan Present Perfect Tense dapat dikelompokkan dalam 3 kategori, yaitu:
1. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas sudah terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.
Contoh:
- John has traveled around the world. (John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
- She has read the entire book. (Dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
- I have eaten. (Saya telah makan).
- Someone has stolen my book. (Seseorang telah mencuri buku saya).
- They have gone. (Mereka telah pergi).
2. Untuk menyatakan kekerapan (berapa kali) kejadian/aktivitas terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.
Contoh:
- I have seen the Titanic three times. (Saya telah nonton Titanic tiga kali).
- She has fallen in love ten times. (Dia telah jatuh cinta 10 kali).
- They have failed the exam twice. (Mereka telah gagal ujian 2 kali).
- My car has broken down five times. (Mobil saya telah mogok 5 kali minggu ini).
- Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).
3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas t
erus terjadi/dilakukan mulai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau sampai sekarang (now).
Contoh:
- I have lived in this house for nine years. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini selama 9 tahun). Artinya, sejak 9 tahun yang lalu sampai sekarang, saya telah tinggal di runah ini.
- We have studied English since a month ago. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris sejak 1 bulan yang lalu). Artinya, sejak sebulan yang lalu hingga sekarang, kita telah belajar bahasa inggris.
- He has married her for nineteen years. (Dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun).
- Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place since 1980. (Pak Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980).
- She has waited for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam).
Penggunaan For dan Since
Khusus untuk penggunaan present perfect tense yang ketiga ini, waktu kejadian/aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh subject dinyatakan dengan menggunakan for dan since. For (berarti selama) diikuti oleh durasi atau lamanya waktu kejadian. Misalnya: for thirty years (selama 30 tahun), for ten minutes (selama 10 menit), for a week (selama seminggu), etc. Sedangkan, since (berarti sejak) diikuti oleh kapan kejadian/aktivitas itu dimulai. Misalnya: since 1985 (sejak tahun 1985), since January (sejak bulan Januari), since 2 o’clock (sejak jam 2), etc.
Perhatikan kelima contoh di atas. Jika for diganti dengan since, atau sebaliknya, maka kalimat di atas menjadi:
- I have lived in this house since 2000. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini sejak tahun 2000).
- We have studied English for a month. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 1 bulan).
- He has married her since 1990. (Dia telah mengawininya sejak tahun 1990).
- Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place for twenty-nine years. (Pak Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama selama 29 tahun).
- She has waited for her boyfriend since an hour ago. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya sejak sejam yang lalu).
Negative Form
Bentuk negatif kalimat dalam Present Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary has/have, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut,
Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3 + object + modifier |
Note: (has not) dapat disingkat menjadi hasn’t, sedangkan (have not) dapat disingkat menjadi haven’t.
Contoh:
- John has not traveled around the world. (John belum bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
- She has not read the entire book. (Dia belum membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
- I have not eaten. (Saya belum makan).
- Someone has not stolen my book. (Seseorang belum mencuri buku saya).
- They have not gone. (Mereka belum pergi).
- I have not seen the Titanic three times. (Saya belum nonton Titanic tiga kali).
- She has not fallen in love ten times. (Dia belum jatuh cinta 10 kali).
- They have not passed the exam two times. (Mereka belum lulus ujian 2 kali).
- My car has not broken down five times. (Mobil saya belum mogok 5 kali).
- Our dean has not punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita belum menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).
Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Questions untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut:
(Has/have) + subject + verb3+ object + modifier? |
Contoh:
- Has John traveled around the world? (Apakah John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia?).
- Has she read the entire book? (Apakah dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan?).
- Have you eaten? (Apakah kamu telah makan?).
- Has someone stolen your book? (Apakah seseorang telah mencuri buku kamu?).
- Have they gone? (Apakah mereka telah pergi?).
Penggunaan already dan yet
a. Adverb already digunakan untuk mempertegas pernyatakan bahwa sesuatu telah atau belum terjadi pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified time) di masa lampau. Already (telah/sudah) digunakan pada kalimat positif, sedangkan yet (belum) digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.
Already biasanya diletakkan di antara auxiliary (has/have) dan verb3, tetapi bisa juga diletakkan diakhir kalimat tanpa merubah arti kalimat, seperti terlihat dalam formula berikut:.
Subject + (has/have) + already + verb3 + object + modifier |
Atau
Subject + (has/have) + Verb3 + object + modifier + already |
Contoh:
- John has already traveled around the world. Atau, John has traveled around the world already.
- She has already read the entire book. Atau, She has read the entire book already.
- I have already eaten. Atau, I have eaten already.
- Someone has already stolen my book. Atau, Someone has stolen my book already.
- They have already gone. Atau, They have gone already.
b. Adverb yet digunakan pada negative form (kalimat negative) dan interogative form (kalimat tanya), yang biasanya ditempatkan di akhir kalimat, seperti pada formula berikut ini:
Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3 + object + modifier + yet |
Selain itu, yet juga bisa juga ditempatkan di tengah kalimat (yaitu setelah has/have) dengan formula sebagai berikut:
Subject + (has/have) + yet + (to + Verb1) + object + modifier |
Note: verb3 berubah menjadi infinitive (to + verb1). Dan, walaupun tidak ada not, kalimat ini bermakna negatif (maknanya sama dengan jika yet ditempatkan di akhir kalimat).
Contoh:
- John has not traveled around the world yet. Atau, John has yet to travel around the world.
- She has not read the entire book yet. Atau, She has yet to read the entire book.
- I have not eaten yet. Atau, I have yet to eat.
- Someone has not stolen my book yet. Atau, Someone has yet to steal my book
- They haven’t gone yet. Atau, They have yet to go.
Dalam kalimat tanya, yet umumnya ditempatkan diakhir kalimat.
Contoh:
- Has John traveled around the world yet?
- Has she read the entire book yet?
- Have you eaten yet?
- Has someone found your book yet?
- Have they gone yet? etc.
Kesimpulan
Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa present perfect tense pada prinsipnya digunakan untuk:
- Untuk menekankan SUDAH/ BELUM. Kamu sudah makan belum? (Have you eaten yet?)
- Untuk menekankan SUDAH BERAPA KALI. Sudah berapa kali kamu makan hari ini? (How many times have you eaten today?).
- Untuk menekankan DURASI kejadian/aktivitas. Sudah berapa lama kamu belum makan? (For how long haven’t you eaten yet?
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