jadilah wanita yang sederhana namun berkelas...

jadilah wanita yang sederhana namun berkelas...

Rabu, 06 April 2011

Theory Direct and Indirect speech

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

Simple present - menjadi - Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :

Direct Speech ------------------- Indirect Speech

Simple present ------------------ Simple past

Present continuous -------------- Past continuous

Present perfect ----------------- Past perfect

Present perfect continuous ------ Past perfect continuous

Simple past --------------------- Past perfect

Past continuous ----------------- Past perfect continuous

Future -------------------------- Past

Present ------------------------- Past


Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech
*      this = ini
*      these = ini
*      come = dating
*      here = di sini, ke sini
*      hence = dari sini
*      hither = ke tempat ini
*      ago = yang lalu
*      now = sekarang
*      today = hari ini
*      tomorrow = besok
*      yesterday = kemarin
*      last night = tadi malam
*      next week = minggu depan
*      thus = begini

contoh :

He said, “I will come here”.

Indirect Speech
*      that = itu
*      those = itu
*      go = pergi

*      there = di sana, ke sana
*      thence = dari sana
*      thither = ke tempat itu
*      before = lebih dahulu
*      then = pada waktu itu
*      that day = hari itu
*      next day = hari berikutnya
*      the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
*      the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
*      the following week = minggu berikutnya
*      so = begitu

Contoh:
He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb - Reported speech

Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.

Direct

He said to me, “Where are you going?”

He said to me, “What are you doing?”


Indirect

He asked me where I was going

He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :

Direct

He said to me, “Are you going

away today?”

He asked me , “can you come along?”


Indirect

He asked me whether I was

going away that day.

He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.

· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.

· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).

· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)

Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say

atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,

pray dsb.

a) Exclamatory sentences

Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.

b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)

Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “

Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son

Sabtu, 02 April 2011

TULISAN 10


MY STORY 

Too many stories I hear 
Too many other life I see
Too much history as I read 
Too often I cry for another story
But ... this is my story
Rabbi ...

This drop has begun to stop
but he was very swift flowing
This hand could not menadahnya
These clothes could not remove it

Ah so I dramatize
yes ... not so sebena
I was not too often merenug 
Oops ... precisely my heart may already be too loud 
to be so moved ... 
Cut-cut ... 

My sins are so many "maybe?", but surely 
Honestly, I hope that perhaps a more appropriate word 
because it will make me be more arrogant, 

s ... out ... out of control ... 
to repeat back any attitudes, traits, and selfishness 
but ..., it was all my fault
Rabbi ...

What should I said?
What do I Think now?
What should I do?
Astaghfirullah what's with this self?


Jumat, 01 April 2011

TULISAN 9


ubu's first 'love'
Ubu is a cat i adopted 6 months ago. if you're a loyal follower to my blog surely you've read my post several months ago titled 'adorable ubu' Now she has grown up to not be a kitten any more. The necklace with a bell I bought seems like tightened around her neck already. The bell supposed to be green in colour now it turned goldish brown now. what bothers me now is that she wants to make love. when i was just arrived home I notice there were five male cats waiting outside for my cute little ubu. she's too young for that. and ubu which was inside looked so horny. man, she didn't know that if she do that she'll get pregnant. and she's too young for that. she has a boyfriend since a long time ago but she never showed any interest to actually 'make love' to him. but now she seems really into it. and not with her almost same-age-boyfriend. but to several huge cats which i always chased away when they caught peeking on my cat when ubu was small (definitely paedophiles). my previous cat at my previous house, luna also did the same thing. she was barely big enough to have babies. finally she did delivered 3 kittens but 2 of them died. i brought luna to a veterinarian and it turned out that luna didn't has milk to milk her kittens. luna fell in love again and her kittens affected.
last night ubu was grounded. i closed all the windows that she normally use to get out. she looked desperate but i have to do the best thing for her. she has to wait for few more months for that. and today i did the same thing. she looked so horny and refused to eat. she looked terribly need some physical. just now my house-maid was sweeping and cleaning our house and she opened the door widely and ubu went out. I noticed that but I just let her go. Maybe i don't really know what is best for her. maybe i should let the nature works by its own way. and let ubu be happy and fulfil her.. err need.

TULISAN 8


let's unite.
Hey, why some of you are still busy trying to divide us, to make us follow you and hate the other? Can we stop acting like we’re so different and start looking at how similar we are to each other. We all human. And in Islam every one of us are same though we might have different colour, culture or size. I understand we might have different views on almost everything. But can we stop it for a while. And work together for a more prosperous and developed nation. For the future. For our own children’s sake.
If we think we need a new and better leader to govern and become the CEO of our country, do take part /contest in the election. And once the majority has made their decision, can we shut up for a while at least until next four years, for the next election. Stop talking already and start working.